Human Resource Management in UK and Japan - 3025 Words

Human Resource Management in UK and Japan (Essay Sample) Content: Comparison, contrast and evaluation of Human Resource Management in UK and JapanNameCourseProfessorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameInstitutionIntroductionHuman resource management and development in international scenery remains one of the key challenges regarding multinational ventures since it involves the employment, development as well as the rewarding of individuals in international firms (Dowling et al., 2008). This essay will compare, contrast and evaluate human resource in UK and Japan to give an insight into each countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Human resource management, differences in specific human resource practices and how institutional as well as cultural aspects shape human resource management.Overview of HRM in the UKAccording to Dowling et al. (2008), in the UK, there is a high delegation regarding the human resource management responsibility leading to the reduction of trade unionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ roles. The firms in the UK apply a system of recruitment highly based on the position . Brewster Tyson (2001) argues that it is done through an open competition to ensure that recruitment is in accordance with the guidelines that are established. In the HR decisions, the firms in the UK considerably use the performance assessment in the form of annual meeting where the immediate supervisor gives a feedback. In payment and remuneration, the bonuses, as well as the base salary, are established by a collective bargaining that is centralized. For example, in the civil service, there is an annual revision of the base salary. According to Carr (2006), the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s base salary is set by determining the employee experience, the content of the job, performance as well as qualifications. Brewster Mayrhofer (2012) argue that in the UK, promotions are done based on the competence of the employee and there arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t formal promotion restrictions between hierarchical grades. Working conditions is an important HRM element In the UK whereby an annual average of w orking hours is 1667 hours since 2010 due to less weekly hours of working and public holidays Brewster Mayrhofer (2012).Overview of HRM in JapanAccording to Georgiadis Pitelis (2012), unlike other countries of Asia, the Japanese cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s collectiveness has been carried over to the firms. Japan embraces lifetime employment referring to core employees, excluding, seasonal employees, and part-timers as well as dispatched employees. It is practiced commonly by larger organizations implying to the keiretsu including the transfer of employees to another company. The country uses nenko as a payment system where the labor force joining a particular firm without the necessary experience gets low starting salary, but their salary rises steadily with age increment as well as seniority till retirement. But this system greatly depends on the lifetime employment (Brewster Tyson, 2001). Regarding the labor relations, the country is based on "kigyo-nai kumiai" which is a union based o n the Japanese enterprise. According to Nel 2(011), the "kigyo-nai kumiai" acts as a conciliatory during the negotiation of salary and ensures that there is a job security to its members. Usually, "kigyo-nai kumiai" pledges a behavior of corporation by their members if firms behave appropriately. In recruitment, Japan maintains a steady annual influx of new graduates that ensures that there is steady and stability regarding the Japanese firms. Frequently, the Japanese firms employ a sophisticated test as well as other devices of screening to help in the selection of high-quality recruits (Brewster Tyson, 2001)HRM and national institutional in the UK and JapanAccording to Carr (2006), national institutions refer to activities as well as structures that offer the society with stability. These systems include the social, political and family structures. This kind of establishments helps in the shaping of the firms since they are built into the societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s fabric and constraint as well as aid in the setting of the conditions of the firm's actions. Brewster Tyson (2001) reiterates that in UK, economic factor is one of the most important elements that have drastically changed the practices of HRM. In the last seven years, UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s economic condition has advanced drastically founded on the Countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s strong rule of law, a trading environment that is open, as well as its open financial system. The countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s liberal market of labor matches UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s effective environment of business (Georgiadis Pitelis, 2012). According to Redman Wilkinson (2002), these economic conditions are directly linked to the labor market as well as the supply of labor. This consequently affects firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ patterns of selection as well as recruitment. In a great way, the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s economic stability has greatly influenced the Human Resource Management practices on training and development, selection, and recruitment as well as practices o n reward management. According to Georgiadis Pitelis (2012), the political factor is also another institutional Human Resource Management element having a great impact in the UK. In the last few years, UK has been stable politically amid Europeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s political turbulence. To some extent, government policies have an impact on the practices of the Human Resource Management. For instance, in the UK, the minimum wage set by the government is very high. This poses a great challenge to the Human Resource managers in coping with this concern since it increases the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ labor cost that is a major proportion of the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s manufacturing firms. Crawley et al. (2011) reiterates that UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s political factors also have a great impact regarding the process of recruitment. For instance, employees are not required to discuss the subject of politics at their workplace. Also, the government of UK monitors the practices of Human Resource Management such as the system of pay as well as incentives hence Human Resource managers have a responsibility of ensuring that the government rules and regulations are executed by each and every firm (Brewster Tyson, 2001)In Japan, HRM and national institutional factors have a great impact in the country. By the nominal GDP, Japanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s economy is the third largest in the globe. This is influenced by the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s large industry of automobile as well as the industry of electronic goods. This also has a great effect on the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s Human Resource Management practices (Nel, 2011). According to Branine (2011), the recruitment and selection of the workforce working in the automobile and the electronic industries are highly linked with the labor market as well as the labor supply. The high demand regarding the certain skilled labor also has a great influence on the firmsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ strategies of training as well as development. Nel (2011) argues that in 2015, the minimum wage in Japan inc reased from764 JPY/Hour to 780 JPY/Hour. This was due to economical parameters such as DGP as well as per capita income. Minimum wage is an important component of Human Resource Management practices since it helps in the establishment of compensation and other benefits. In Japan, demographic factors are also an important institutional facet of the country (Blyton Turnbull, 2004). Over the years, firms in Japan have kept the balance of gender as an important HRM practice. The job designs, considerations are also made to ensure that there is a balance between work and job. Therefore, demographic factors have a great influence on the practices of HRM linked to recruitment, HR planning as well as security in the workplace (Needle, 2010).HRM and cultural factors in the UK and JapanAccording to Branine (2011), there is a lot of questioning regarding the universality of culture in Human Resource Management practices. Numerous human resource policies practiced effectively in one country ma y be inappropriate when applied to another country and vice versa. Branine (2011) further argues that in the United Kingdom, pay for performance schemes are applied to reward employees if they effectively undertake a particular measurement of performance for efficiency as well as quality. It penalizes workers poor results as well as increased costs on the other hand Japan employs quality circles. The quality circles refer to a collection of employees undertaking a similar task. According to Aswathappa Dash (2008), this group frequently meets to identify, examine as well as solve job-connected problems. The group comprising few members and frequently managed by supervisors comes up with management solutions so as to improve the organizational performance as well as motivate the workers.There is also a great influence regarding national culture in the strategic decision making as well as practices of the human resource management (Branine, 2011). Several practices of the human resour ce have a definite trait linked to that particular country. In Japan, there is a policy on lifetime employment; however, it is unpopular in the UK (Aswathappa Dash, 2008)Cole (2004) argues that compared to the UK, firms in Japan are usually described as having a high rate of informal communication which is an important element of corporate success. These tendencies are traced by the management theory of the culture of collectiveness value instead of individualism as well as the desire of restraining the responsibility of an individual. Japanese believe in a decentralized decision-making practices amid the combined responsibility of collectiveness (Blyton Turnbull, 2004). This helps in promoting employee commitment to the organizations as well as a sense of loyalty and contribution. On the contrary, the UK firms apply formal procedures of corporate planning whereby...

Cell Phones And Social Media - 988 Words

From the beginning of time man has had to deal with distractions of all shapes and sizes, but our current and future generations have a whole new and rather terrifying behemoth to deal with. In today’s world, it’s technology, namely cell phones and social media, that are front and center when you think of everyday distractions. For me however, this isn’t the case. It’s not that they aren’t a distraction, not by a long shot, but they are trumped by my own mind. I dont need any help getting distracted, my mind never fails to wander unless I’m meditating. Never. That being said, last night wasn’t that hard†¦ The hardest part was feeling like you are missing something, though that seems obvious. To be more specific, it’s the basic human fear of the unknown. 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Now, unfortunately I have been dealing with anxiety, depression and insomnia for a few years now, but this has also been a blessing in disguise, because in the past year I have come to realize all three â€Å"ailments† are simply driven by a hyperactive mind and an inability to ever â€Å"Be Here Now.† As it turns out, the article, When the Mind Wanders, HappinessShow MoreRelatedCell Phones and Social Media1627 Words   |  7 PagesCell Phones and Social Media: Keeping in Touch with Everyone but Ourselves John Doe University/College 04 May 2014 Abstract Technology developed in the past decade has been life-changing. Cell phones have become the most quickly embraced consumer technology in history. Because of this boom and the monumental popularity of social media; have we lost the ability to communicate without this medium? 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Analysis Of Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice

Chapter 2 Elizabeth Bennet - Analysis â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.† This opening sentence from Pride and Prejudice reflects the ideals of the age when it was written. Jane Austen wrote about the societal norms and the mindset of the general public through the medium of a family with five daughters, the Bennets. Elizabeth Bennet, the second of the daughters is the one who is different, and the protagonist of the novel, around whom the story evolves. The novel in short – Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice is set primarily in the county of Hertfordshire, about 50 miles outside of London. The story centers on the the Bennet family, particularly Elizabeth. The novel opens at Longbourn, the Bennet family s estate. Mr. and Mrs. Bennet have five children: Jane, Elizabeth, Mary, Kitty, and Lydia. The family engages in a conversation about Mr. Bingley, a single man of large fortune who will be renting the nearby estate of Netherfield Park. Mrs. Bennet sees Mr. Bingley as a potential suitor for one of her daughters. The Bennets first meet Mr. Bingley and his companions at the Meryton Ball. The townspeople conclude that Mr. Bingley is perfectly amiable and agreeable. Meanwhile, Mr. Bingley takes an immediate liking to Jane Bennet. Mr. Bingley s friend Mr. Darcy, however, snubs Elizabeth. The community decides that Darcy is proud and disagreeable because of hisShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1313 Words   |  6 Pages$aying Ye$ Gloria Steinem, a women’s rights activist during the 1960’s and 1970’s reveals she â€Å"was never against marriage per se. Before feminism, [she] didn’t think [she] had any choice† (qtd. in Hass). 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Fm Radio Transmitter free essay sample

Frequency modulation (FM) is a technique for wireless transmission of information where the frequency of a high frequency carrier is changed in proportion to message signal which contains the information. FM was invented and developed by Edwin Armstrong in the 1920’s and 30’s. Frequency modulation was demonstrated to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for the first time in 1940, and the first commercial FM radio station began broadcasting in 1945. FM is not a new concept. However, the concept of FM is essential to a wide gamut of radio frequency wireless devices and is therefore worth studying in 2007. 1] The objective of this project is to explain the design and construction of a simple FM transmitter. The salient specifications for the transmitter are as follows: one 3Volt supply, DC power consumption less than 80mW, transmit frequency at a vacant spot in FM band (88MHz-108MHz), transmitted power not to exceed 10uW, and the only active device type allowed is the BC547 NPN BJT. We will write a custom essay sample on Fm Radio Transmitter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, a pre-emphasis filter is required with a 3dB corner frequency equal to 1 / 75us. A variable capacitor with value 4pF . 30pF is used for tuning. The design has been simulated and constructed. The built transmitter can transmit music at a distance of 300 meters. This project will explain the design decisions that were made in the process of design and construction. It is surprisingly powerful despite its small component count and 3Volt operating voltage. It will easily penetrate over three floors of an apartment building and go over 300 meters in the open air. FM TRNSMITTER CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION The circuit is basically a radio frequency (RF) oscillator that operates around 100 MHz audio picked up and amplified by the electrets microphone is fed into the audio amplifier stage built around the first transistor. Output from the collector is fed into the base of the second transistor where it modulates the resonant frequency of the tank circuit (the 5 turn coil and the trim cap) by varying the junction capacitance of the transistor. Junction capacitance is the function of the potential difference applied to the base of the transistor. The tank circuit is connected in a colpitt’s oscillator circuit. Figure 1: Fm Transmitter Circuit Design The electrets microphone: An electrets is a permanently charged dielectric. It is made by heating a ceramic material, placing it in a magnetic field then allowing it to cool while still in the magnetic field. It is the electrostatic equivalent of a permanent magnet. In the electrets microphone a slice of this material is used as the part of the dielectric of a capacitor in which the diaphragm of the microphone forms one plate. Sound pressure moves one of its plates. The movement of the plate changes the capacitance. The electrets capacitor is connected to an FET amplifier. These microphones are small, have excellent sensitivity, a wide frequency response and a very low cost. First amplification stage: This is a standard self biasing common emitter amplifier. The 22nF capacitor isolates the microphone from the base voltage of the transistor and only allows alternating current (AC) signals to pass. The tank (LC) circuit: Every FM transmitter needs an oscillator to generate the radio frequency carrier waves. The tank (LC) circuit, the BC547 and the feedback 5pF capacitor are the oscillator in the cadre. An input signal is not needed to sustain the oscillation. The feedback signal makes the base emitter current of the transistor vary at the resonant frequency. This causes the emitter-collector current to vary at the same frequency. The signal fed to the aerial and radiated as radio waves. The 27pf coupling capacitor on the aerial is to minimize the effect of the aerial capacitance on the LC circuit. The name ‘tank’ circuit is comes from the ability of the LC circuit to store energy for oscillations. In a pure LC circuit (one with no resistance) energy cannot be lost. (In an AC network only there resistive elements will dissipate electrical energy. The purely reactive elements, the C and the L simply store energy to be returned to the system later. ) Note that the tank circuit does not oscillate just by having a DC potential put across it. Positive feedback must be provided. (Look up Hartley and colpitts oscillator in are reference book for more details. ) Trim cap: The slots inside the trim cap are shaped like the head of an arrow. The maximum capacitance value is when the arrow is in pointed to the 12 oclock position. An 1800 turn brings the trim cap value to its minimum rated Value. With experimentation you will be able to build up a Table of total capacitance value (remember to add in the 10pf) to fm frequency. You can also change the Frequency by altering the space between the coils of L1. Spread out the L1 coil wide apart. ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTION Components may be added to the PCB in any order. Note that the electrets microphone should be inserted with the pin connected to the metal case connected to the negative rail (that is, to the ground or zero voltage side of the circuit). The coil should be about 3mm in diameter and 5 turns. The wire is tinned copper wire, 0. 61 mm in diameter. After the coil in soldered into place, spread the coils apart about 0. 5 to 1mm so that they are not touching. (The spacing in not critical since tuning of the Transmitter will be done by the trim capacitor. It is quite possible, but not as convenient, to use a fixed value capacitor in place of the trim capacitor say 47pF and to vary the transmitter frequency by simply adjusting the spacing of the coils. That is by varying L of the LC circuit rather than C. ) Adding and removing the batteries acts as a switch. Connect a half or quarter wavelength antenna (length of wire) to the aerial point. At an FM frequency of 100 MHz these lengths are 150 cm and 75 cm respectively. CIRCUIT CALIBRATION Place the transmitter about 10 feet from a FM radio. Set the radio to somewhere about 89 90 mhz. Walk back to the FM transmitter and turn it on. Spread the winding of the coil apart by approximately 1mm from each other. No coil winding should be touching another winding. Use a small screw driver to tune the trim cap. Remove the screw driver from the trim screw after every adjustment so the LC circuit is not affected by stray capacitance. Or use a plastic screw driver. If you have difficulty finding for the transmitting frequency then have a second person tune up and down the FM dial after every adjustment. One full turn of the trim cap will cover its full range of capacitance from 6pf to 45pf. The normal FM band tunes in over about one tenth of the full range of the tuning cap. So it is best to adjust it in steps of 5 to 10 degrees at each turn. So tuning takes a little patience but is not difficult. The reason that there must be at least 10 ft. Separation between the radio and the FM transmitter is that the FM transmitter emits harmonics; it does not only emit on one frequency but on several different frequencies close to each other. You should have little difficulty in finding the Transmitter frequency when you follow this rocedure. LEARNING EXPERIENCE It should already be clear from the above circuit description that there is a surprising amount of electronics which may be learnt from this deceptively simple kit. Here is a list of some advanced topics in electronics which can be demonstrated or have their beginnings in this project: Class C amplifiers; FM transmission; VHF antennas; positive and negative feedback; stray capacitance; crystal-locked oscillators; signal at tenuation The simple half wave antenna used in the project is not the most efficient.